![]() The P-type ATPases, also known as E1–E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. F-type ATPase are well conserved among species and are the primary source of cellular energy production in the living organisms. The A-type ATPase, which are present in archaea and bacteria, help survive the extreme conditions and act by synthesizing ATP coupling with H + or Na +. The ATPases are broadly classified into four classes: the F- and A-type ATP synthases, the V-type transporters, the P-type transporters, and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) multidrug efflux pumps. These ATPases either actively transport proton deriving energy from ATP hydrolysis, or they use the proton gradient for ATP synthesis to perform multiple cellular functions. pH homeostasis is achieved via proton influx and efflux by the proton pumping ATPases. Proton pumping ATPases are a class of these membrane transporters that act as master players in the transport of protons across membranes from Archaea to humans. Cellular energy requirements for these processes are partly fulfilled by local cytoplasmic metabolic energy, but a larger extent of the energy required for development and homeostasis maintenance of the cytosol and organelle lumen is provided by ion pumps. The maintenance and assembly of these complexes and pathways is highly energy consuming for cells. These secretory pathways, from plasma membrane to organelles and nucleus are well connected by continuous exchange of nutrients, signaling molecules, membrane proteins, and lipids. To maintain the pH all eukaryotic cells, have a large regulatory network of secretory pathways within the cell cytosol and organelles including the nucleus, and outside the plasma membrane. The pH within the cytosol and the organelles can vary up to 3 units ranging from nearly neutral to highly acidic. In addition to the cytosol, each organelle has its specific pH requirement to function normally. Deregulation of the pH homeostasis affects enzymatic functions affecting the cell cycle and other biochemical processes and can be deleterious for cellular health and survival. This greatly influences their biochemical properties and function. Changes in intracellular pH affect the acid-base balance of the cells, and dictates the protonation state of different acid-base groups present on the macromolecules. The maintenance of pH homeostasis is vital for the survival of all cells and organisms.
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